The process of publishing a work in any format includes registering them in a series of standardized identification systems. In research, these systems are used to refer correctly to any published work. This section describes the identifiers commonly used in the publication process.
The process of publishing a work in any format includes registering them in a series of standardized identification systems. In research, these systems are used to refer correctly to any published work. This section describes the identifiers commonly used in the publication process. The ISSN (International Standard Serial Number) is an eight-digit number that identifies serial publications. Each ISSN number is associated with a single serialized publication (a change in the title means a different ISSN). As long as the title is not changed, the ISSN remains the same and must be printed on each issue, volume or iteration of the serialized publication it identifies. Spain has been part of the ISSN network since 1978, when the Spanish National ISSN Center was created, which is now part of the National Library's Bibliographic Control Department.
ISBN
The ISBN (International Standard Book Number) began in Berlin in the mid-1960s, following an initiative by British publishers to number and identify books, giving them individual “license numbers” identifying their country, publisher, title and a control digit to validate the number. This was a private initiative for voluntary public use. Spain joined in 1973, on a public basis given the political regime at the time, when around 20,000 books were being published per year (the figure is now around 100,000).
Since January 2011, the Spanish ISBN Agency has been privately managed by the Spanish Association of Publishers' Guilds, through an agreement signed by the Ministry of Culture, the Department of Culture and Media of the Government of Catalonia, and the Spanish Association of Publishers Guilds (published in Official State Gazette no. 187 of August 3, 2010). Why the ISBN is used The ISBN is a registration number enabling books to be commercially identified, thus making them easier to find with computer tools in the distribution and sales chain. For this reason, there is little point in requesting an ISBN number for a work which will not be distributed commercially. Professional publishers are registered in and manage their ISBN numbers through DILVE (Distributor of information on Spanish books in print). Researchers who want to publish a book themselves without the help of a professional publisher can request an ISBN from the Spanish ISBN Agency as the author/publisher of a work. Traditionally, this register has been used by various competitions and tenders for accrediting publications. This has led to the ISBN Agency issuing the following clarification: • The ISBN does not guarantee the quality of the content of a work, as this is outside its remit. Furthermore, the registration process uses only the identifying details of the work (author, title, publisher, physical description, etc.). • The ISBN is not obligatory. Since 2009 it has not been obligatory for publications to have an ISBN number, even for requesting the Legal Deposit. • The ISBN does not protect intellectual property rights: the mere fact of publication, or alternatively, entry in the Intellectual Property Register is how intellectual property is protected. Procedure for requesting an ISBN number • Request and payment. The interested party requests an ISBN number by filling out the personal information and invoicing form. Next, they pay the corresponding amount and receive a receipt for the transaction. • Confirmation. The author/publisher receives an email confirmation with a link to the ISBN platform where they can fill out a form with the bibliographic data of the work to be published. • Registration. If the bibliographic data are correct, within the agreed period, the author/publisher will receive an email advising them that the registration is available as a PDF. If the data are not correct, the process may be delayed for correction. • Cataloging. Later, the book will be cataloged by the Agency and its entry will appear in the database of books published in Spain (MECD). They will then receive email confirmation. Fees There is a fee for ISBN registration and the issue of the certificate: €45 for normal processing and €95 for urgent processing. Intellectual Property The ISSN is not connected with ownership rights to publications, titles or headings. The only way to protect ownership rights to publications, titles or headings is by registering them in the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office. Legal Deposit Legal Deposit is the only legal process affecting serial publications. For this reason, the Spanish National ISSN Center requires the Legal Deposit to have already been processed before assigning the ISSN (except for serial publications published online). Fees The number is assigned free of charge.
Legal Deposit
A code assigned to each edition and which must appear on each copy in compliance with the legal obligation of publishers to deposit a certain number of copies at the Legal Deposit office, in order to collect and preserve bibliographic, sound, visual, audiovisual and digital heritage. Who must do it? In Spain, the Legal Deposit is obligatory for publishers based permanently in Spanish territory, regardless of where works are printed. Who requests it? The publishers of a work published in a tangible format are required to request a Legal Deposit number. What materials must bear a Legal Deposit number? • Paper books and leaflets, however they are printed, and whether or not they are intended for sale • Ongoing resources such as serialized publications, journals, yearbooks, annual reports, newspapers, and supplementary resources, such as updated loose-leaf material • Digital documents on any medium if not freely accessible online. • A copy of the entire document, in its original form, of any cinematographic documentary or fiction film by a producer with a permanent residence or business establishment in Spain, and a copy of the corresponding advertising material • Sheet music • Original picture cards in any medium How many copies should be deposited? Three or four copies, depending on the type of material. More information is available at: Legal Deposit Office of the Region of Madrid
DOI
DOI is a digital object identifier system. The object can be any digital entity, although in the field of academic publishing it is used to identify a specific article.
The main advantage of the DOI is that even if the article is relocated to a different URL than the original publication, it will still be accessible, as the code includes metadata which enable it to be found.
The DOI was developed by the CNRI (Corporation for National Research Initiatives), an American non-profit association to promote the development of information and communication technology in the field of scientific research. The European DOI Registration Agency is mEDRA.
Movimiento internacional cuyo objetivo es conseguir que los resultados de la investigación científica o de carácter académico sean accesibles a todo el mundo a través de Internet, sin ningún tipo de barrera o restricción, promoviendo así su libre circulación.
El Acceso Abierto (Open Access) debe permitir a los usuarios leer, descargar, copiar, distribuir, imprimir, buscar, o enlazar los textos completos de los artículos científicos, sin coste alguno sin más restricción para su reproducción y distribución que el derecho de los autores a la integridad de su obra y a ser reconocidos y citados.
An indicator of scientific production lets us assess and analyze the results of a work of research or an author after their dissemination through a publication and see their impact on the scientific community. These indicators are used to accredit teaching and research staff and to evaluate six-year research periods. In this section you can find information on the main indicators of scientific output used to analyze both publications and researchers.
Information system including quality indicators for Spanish scientific journals on the social sciences and humanities. The indicators offered and integrated by this platform are those which CNEAI, ANECA and Latindex take into account in their respective evaluation systems.
SPI Schorlarly Publishers Indicators
Information system offering indicators and tools relating to scientific publishers, or publishers of relevance for research in the humanities and social sciences. It was originally created as one of the results of the research project "Categorization of Scientific Publications in the Human and Social Sciences," funded by the CSIC. The indicators included are intended to serve as a reference (not as the definitive assessment of a publisher) in evaluation processes and permit the objectification of some concepts, such as the "prestige of the publisher." More information on SPI
H-Index
The h-index is an indicator proposed by Jorge Hirsch, from the University of California, in 2005. It is one of the most relevant indicators for assessing the scientific production of a researcher, comparing the number of publications by an author and the citations they receive. Any researcher can calculate the h-index of their publications. They just need to sort them by the number of citations received in descending order, number them and identify the point at which the order number matches the number of citations received by a publication. This number is the h-index.
The g-index is an indicator proposed by Leo Egghe, from the University of Hasselt, in 2006. This index quantifies bibliometric productivity based on authors' publication record. Like the h-index, it is measured based on the distribution of citations received by a researcher's publications, although the calculation method is more complex. Any researcher can identify their g-index by sorting their publications by the number of citations received in descending order, numbering the position, and generating two new columns: cumulative number of citations received and the square of the position number. Next the order number is identified for the position in which the number of cumulative citations is the same as or more than the square of the position number. The g -index of some Spanish researchers specializing in the social and human sciences can be consulted in H Index Scholar.
There are more than 27 million researchers worldwide working at public and private institutions and universities (Karakawa & Takeda, 2012). Often, a lack of standardization of researchers' names (common names, changing how they sign articles over the course of a career, etc.) and the names of their institutions (U. Europea, Universidad Europea, Univ. Europea, etc.) can make it difficult to find or identify them, and reduces their visibility.
There are different systems for identifying researchers which can link each author to their publications, identify collaborators and favor the process of scientific discovery.
The ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID) is a 16-digit identifier which gives researchers a persistent, unique code to distinguish their scientific production, providing a space for registering their work, and if they choose, sharing it.
This open initiative (for registering individual researchers) began in late 2009, supported by leading publishers (Nature Publishing Group, Elsevier, Hindawi, etc.) and research institutions (CERN, MIT, CalTech, etc.).
Advantages of ORCID for researchers:
It identifies their academic contribution and intellectual production. It lets researchers log in with their individual IDs in Scopus, WoS (Web of Science) and CrossRef, and transfer their publication data automatically from these portals to ORCID. Each researcher registered on ORCID can add academic data and links to their own websites and blogs. It simplifies the task of evaluating research. It integrates the ORCID identifier in working cycles, such as sending articles to publishers for publication.
ResearcherID / Publons
ResearcherID / Publonsis a Web of Science (WoS) portal where researchers can unify variants of their names and gather their publications under a personal identifier (ID). ResearcherID does not standardize names on the WoS, but it enables researchers to group their variant names and their work under their unique identifier.
Advantages of ResearcherID for researchers:
They can manage their profiles and link them to their articles. It facilitates the visibility of researchers, access to their publications and indexes of citations. It offers an overview of the total production of an author. It displays a link to the complete entry when logging in from WoS. It generates analyses of citations for publications entered from WoS.
Scopus Author Identifier
Author ID o Scopus Author IDis the author identifier on the Scopus platform which can unify the different ways a researcher's name has been recorded, and group all their documents.
Advantages of Scopus Author ID for researchers:
The profile is created automatically when articles appear on Scopus. It lists their publications on Scopus, with the list of references they cite and those which cite them within the database. It calculates the h-index of the author with the publications indexed on Scopus since 1970. It lets them export the information in CVN format. Offers multiple graphs to show metrics of citations, indexes, etc.
Google Scholar Citations
GSC or Google Scholar Citations lets authors create a personal profile on Google Scholar and track citations of their publications, especially if they publish in journals which are not indexed by WoS (Web of Science) or Scopus. Quick to configure and easy to maintain, with automatic or manual update of publications at any time. Making the profile public so that it can appear in the Google Scholar results. Verifying who cites the researcher’s publications. Creating a graph of citations and calculating statistics on the citations that will be updated automatically as Google Scholar finds new citations of the work. Adding groups of related articles.
Iralis
IraLIS (International Registry of Authors-Links to Identify Scientists) is a system for standardizing the names of scientific authors in order to create an academic registry.
It is intended to:
Make authors aware of the importance of their name for correct citations, and thus be able to recover their published work from throughout their careers. Draw up standard naming criteria for correct indexing and to distinguish between authors with the same name. Produce a database with all the name variants used by each author. Run automatic bibliographic searches using the variant names.
Kurakawa, K., & Takeda, H. (2012). An introduction to ORCID (Open Researcher and Contributor ID). Journal of Information Processing and Management, 54, 622-631.
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